CalCOFI Cruise 9408 & 9410


INTRODUCTION

    The data in this report were collected during Cruises 9408* and 9410 of the California Cooperative Oceanic 
Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program aboard the RV New Horizon of the Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography, University of  California, San Diego.  The CalCOFI program was organized in the late 1940’s to 
study the causes of variations in population size of fishes of importance to the State of California.  It is carried out 
by NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center, the California Department of 
Fish and Game, and the Marine Life Research Group (MLRG) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO).  
MLRG contributes to this program by investigations of the physical, chemical and biological structure of the 
California Current.  Data from CalCOFI Cruises 9408 and 9410 were collected and processed by personnel of the 
Marine Life Research Group and the Southwest Fisheries Science Center.  Volunteers and other SIO staff 
members also assisted in the collection of data and chemical analyses at sea.
  

STANDARD PROCEDURES
 
Rosette Cast Data
   
    At each station on cruises 9408 and 9410 a Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) 
instrument was deployed with a 24-place General Oceanics rosette.  The rosette was equipped with 24 ten-liter 
plastic (PVC) bottles.  The CTD/rosette cast usually sampled 20 depths to a maximum sampling depth of 525 
meters, bottom depth permitting.  Pressures and temperatures assigned to the water sample data were derived from 
the CTD signals collected just prior to the bottle trip.  Pressures have been converted to depth by the Saunders 
(1981) pressure-to-depth conversion technique.  CTD temperatures reported with the bottle data  have been 
rounded to the nearest hundredth of a degree Celsius.  Salinity, oxygen and nutrients were determined at sea for 
all depths sampled.  Chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments were determined at sea from the top 14 depths, bottom 
depth permitting.  

    Salinity samples were collected from all rosette bottles and analyzed at sea using a Guildline model 8400A 
Autosal salinometer.  The results were compared  with the CTD salinity in order to verify that the rosette bottle 
did not mis-trip or leak.  The salinometer was standardized before and after each group of samples with 
substandard seawater.  Periodic checks on the conductivity of the substandard were made by comparison with 
IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P122.  Salinity values have been calculated from the algorithms for the Practical 
Salinity Scale, 1978 (UNESCO, 1981a) and were reported to three decimal places, provided that accepted 
standards were met.  If only one determination per sample was obtained, or there was doubt concerning the 
accuracy of the analytical results, the salinities were reported to two decimal places.

     Dissolved oxygen was determined by the Winkler method, as modified by Carpenter (1965), using the 
equipment and procedure outlined by Anderson (1971).  Percent oxygen saturation was calculated from the 
equations of Weiss (1970).

    Silicate, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite nutrients were determined at sea using an automated analyzer.  The 
procedures used are similar to those described in Atlas et al. (1971).  On cruise 9408 the automated analyzer and 
operator experienced numerous problems which resulted in some lost data.  The phosphate data for 9408 
compared to preceding and following cruises appear to be high by 0.10 to 0.15 micro gram atoms per liter 
throughout the water column.  We suspect that this is an artifact.

    Samples for chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments were filtered onto GF/F filters.  The pigments were extracted 
with a cold extraction technique in 90% acetone (Venrick and Hayward, 1984), and the fluorescence determined 
before and after acidification with a Turner Designs fluorometer (Yentsch and Menzel, 1963; Holm-Hansen et al. 
1965).

    Evaluation of the data involved comparisons with the CTD cast profiles, adjacent stations and consideration of 
the variation of a property as a function of density or depth and the relationships with other properties (Klein, 
1973).  Estimates of precision of the standard techniques are given in SIO, 1991.
________________________________
* The first two digits represent the year and the last digits the month of the cruise.





Primary Productivity Sampling 

    Primary productivity samples were taken each day shortly before local apparent noon (LAN), from the standard 
rosette cast.  Primary production was estimated from 14C uptake using a simulated in situ technique.  Light 
penetration  was estimated from the Secchi depth (assuming that the 1% light level is three times the Secchi 
depth).  The depths with ambient light intensities corresponding to light levels simulated by the on-deck 
incubators were identified and sampled on the up rosette cast.  Occasionally an extra bottle or two were tripped in 
addition to the usual 20 levels sampled in the combined rosette-productivity cast in order to maintain the normal 
sampling depth resolution.  The ten-liter bottles were equipped with epoxy-coated springs and Viton O-rings.  
Triplicate samples (two light and one dark control) were drawn from each productivity sample depth into 250 ml 
polycarbonate incubation bottles.  Samples were inoculated with 10 µCi of 14C as NaHCO3 (200 µl of 50 µCi/ml 
stock) prepared in a 0.3 g/liter solution of sodium carbonate (Fitzwater et al. 1982).  Samples were incubated from 
LAN to civil twilight in seawater-cooled incubators with neutral-density screens which simulate in situ light 
levels.  At the end of the incubation, the samples were filtered onto Millipore HA filters and placed in scintillation 
vials.  One half ml of 10%  HCl was added to each sample.  The sample was then allowed to sit, without a cap, at 
room temperature for 12 hours (after Lean and Burnison, 1979).  Following this, 10 ml of scintillation fluor were 
added to each sample and the samples were returned to SIO where the radioactivity was determined with a 
scintillation counter.  Salinity, oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments were determined from all 
rosette productivity bottles.

Macrozooplankton Net Tows 

    Macrozooplankton was sampled with a 71 cm mouth diameter paired net (bongo net) equipped with 0.505 mm 
plankton mesh.  Bottom depth permitting, the nets were towed obliquely from 210 m to the surface.  The tow time 
for a standard tow was 21.5 minutes.  Volumes filtered were determined from flowmeter readings and the mouth 
area of the net.  Only one sample of each pair was retained and preserved.  The biomass, as wet displacement 
volume, after removal of large (>5 ml) organisms, was determined in the laboratory ashore.  These procedures are 
summarized in greater detail in Kramer et al. (1972).

Avifauna Observations

    On cruise 9410 seabirds were counted within a 300 meter wide strip off to one side of the ship.  Counts were 
made while underway between stations during periods of daylight.  These counts were summed over 20 nautical 
mile (nm) intervals, or the distance between consecutive stations, whichever was less.  Included at the end of this 
report are individual maps of the most numerous bird species (individuals/nm).


TABULATED DATA

Rosette Cast Data

    The time reported is the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of the first rosette bottle trip on the up cast.  The 
rosette bottles tripped on the up cast are reported as cast 2, where cast 1 is considered to be the down CTD cast.  
Bottom depths, determined acoustically, have been corrected using British Admiralty Tables (Carter, 1980) and 
are reported in meters.  Weather conditions have been coded using WMO code 4501.  Secchi depths and Forel 
water color scales are also reported for most daylight stations. 

    Observed and interpolated standard depth data from CTD/rosette casts have been interspersed and are presented 
together sequentially by depth.  Interpolated or extrapolated standard level data are noted by the footnote “ISL” 
printed after the depth.  Density-related parameters have been calculated from the International Equation of State 
of Seawater 1980 (UNESCO, 1981, b).  Computed values of potential temperature, sigma-theta, specific volume 
anomaly (SVA), and dynamic height or geopotential anomaly are included with both observed and interpolated 
standard depth levels.         








     On stations where primary productivity samples were drawn from six of the rosette bottles, a footnote appears 
after each productivity depth sampled.  The corresponding primary productivity data are reported in a separate 
section following the tabulated rosette cast data.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Sampling

    At eleven stations on cruise 9408 rosette samples were taken at depths deeper than the usual 525 meter 
maximum to collect samples for CFC analyses.  The CFC data are not presented in this report.  The usual 
hydrographic data for the observed depths beyond 525 meters are reported here.    

    The physical and chemical data presented in this report are available over the internet via the Nemo 
Oceanographic Server. To access these data telnet to nemo.ucsd.edu and login with username “info”.

Primary Productivity Data

    In addition to the normal hydrographic data also reported in the rosette cast data section, the tabulated data 
include: the in situ light levels at which the samples were collected, the uptake from each of the replicate light 
bottles, uptake 1 and uptake 2, (which have been corrected for dark uptake by subtracting the dark value), the 
mean of the two uptake values and the dark uptake.  The uptake values are totals for the incubation period.  Also 
shown are the times of LAN, civil twilight, and the value of the mean uptake integrated from the surface to the 
deepest sample, assuming the shallowest value continues to the surface and that negative values (when dark 
uptake exceeds light uptake) are zero.  The uptake data have been presented to two significant digits (values 
<1.00) or one decimal (values >1.00).  Precision of the higher production values may not warrant all of the digits 
presented.  Incubation time, LAN, and civil twilight are given in local Pacific Standard Time (PST); to convert to 
UTC, add eight hours to the PST time.  Incubation light intensities are listed in a footnote at the bottom of each 
page.

Macrozooplankton Data

    Macrozooplankton biomass volumes are tabulated as total biomass volume (cm3/1000m3  strained) and as the 
total volume minus the volume of larger organisms under the heading “Small.”  Tow times are given in local PST 
(+8) time.


FOOtnOTES

In addition to footnotes, special notations are used without footnotes because the meaning is always the same.

   D:    CTD salinity value listed in place of normal ship-board salinity analysis.
   ISL:  After a depth value indicates that this is an interpolated or extrapolated standard level.
   U:    Uncertain value.  Values  which  are  not  used  in  interpolation  because  they seem  to be  in  error  without 
           apparent reason.